控制棒驱动机构与反应堆堆顶组合模型的抗震分析

目的获得控制棒驱动机构(CRDM)和反应堆堆顶组件(RHP)在地震作用下的动力学响应。方法建立控制棒驱动机构与反应堆堆顶组件的有限元组合模型,采用ANSYS软件对模型开展三维非线性抗震分析。分析模型中分别用梁单元、杆单元和弹簧单元等模拟堆顶的各个部件,考虑控制棒驱动机构抗震支承板之间、抗震支承板与抗震支承环之间的相互碰撞作用。此外,将电缆托架和电缆桥组件的梁模型也加入到组合模型,而不是简单地将其简化为集中质量,可减小该部分质量分配不真实对抗震分析结果带来的误差。结果利用ANSYS软件时程法中的直接积分法完成了组合模型的抗震分析,提取了控制棒驱动机构和反应堆堆顶组件各部位应力评定所需的载荷。结论较为准确地模拟了抗震板之间的碰撞作用,得到了各截面的载荷,可为设备应力分析提供输入。     

海上浮动堆稳压器抗冲击分析方法的比较

目的对海上浮动堆的撞船工况进行模拟计算,并基于不同处理方法下的冲击载荷,对稳压器简化模型进行计算和对比分析。方法基于海上浮动堆撞船工况的仿真计算,获得稳压器支承基座位置在船长、船宽、船高三个方向的冲击加速度数据,并对时程数据进行反应谱处理。使用ANSYS软件,分别用等效静力法、反应谱分析法和时程分析法的输入载荷,计算稳压器的支承反力与顶端位移,并对三种方法的计算结果进行对比研究。结果等效静力法计算的支承轴力、剪力、弯矩三分量分别为1.25×10~6 N、6.97×10~5 N和2.08×10~9N·mm。反应谱分析法计算的支承轴力、剪力、弯矩三分量分别为1.90×10~5N、2.63×10~5N和1.10×10~9N·mm。时程分析法计算的支承轴力、剪力、弯矩三分量分别为2.03×10~5N、3.54×10~5N和1.15×10~9 N·mm。结论验证了撞船冲击数值模拟计算方法的可行性。对于不同的撞船冲击载荷处理方法,海上浮动堆稳压器的响应也不同,在本分析案例中,等效静力法计算结果大于反应谱分析法和时程分析法,反应谱分析法计算结果与时程分析法基本一致。     

曝气策略调控CANON工艺降温降基质稳定运行

通过调整曝气策略,研究了降温降基质（氨氮）运行过程中实现全程自养脱氮（CANON）序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）稳定运行的可行性.结果表明,在中温（35℃）高基质[（446.47±43.77）mg NH₄⁺-N/L]曝气/停曝=60min/60min条件下,反应器稳定运行223d,总氮去除负荷（TNRR）和总氮去除率（TNRE）分别为（0.49±0.07）kg N/（m³·d）和（84.3±4.6）%.温度降至20~23℃,根据一个运行周期内NO₂^--N积累速率和去除速率之比调整曝气工况为曝气/停曝=40min/80min,运行69d后TNRR和TNRE分别降至（0.43±0.04）kg N/（m³·d）和（69.5±5.7）%.而后逐步梯度降低基质至（105.6±16.1）mg NH₄⁺-N/L,采用相同策略分别调整曝气/停曝时间为40min/80min、30min/90min和8min/32min,运行93d后TNRR降至（0.16±0.02）kg N/（m³·d）,TNRE升至（71.5±7.5）%.高通量测序结果从群落组成角度证实了降温和降基质过程中实施的曝气调控策略维持了CANON系统脱氮功能菌的主导地位,亚硝酸盐氧化菌NOB相对丰度一直被控制在0.1%以下.     

高无机悬浮物进水对城市污水厂处理效果的冲击影响及机理研究

针对我国南方城市污水厂经常出现的高无机悬浮物(SS)负荷冲击问题,在分析其进水水质特性的基础上,研究了高无机SS负荷冲击对活性污泥系统的污泥特性、污泥活性、出水水质和去除效率等方面的影响.结果表明:高无机SS负荷冲击条件下,剩余污泥的含水率会变小,排泥量是主要的控制参数,应减小冲击初期剩余污泥排放体积;活性污泥的硝化速率、反硝化速率、释磷速率和吸磷速率分别比正常情况下降了30.5%、36.7%、35.0%和28.1%;COD去除效率不会改变,SS、TN和NH+4-N的去除效率会降低,但能够提高TP的去除效率.研究结果可为制定相应的工艺对策和措施奠定基础.     

移动床生物膜反应器净化模拟水产养殖废水的研究

采用移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）净化模拟水产养殖废水.结果表明,MBBR净化模拟水产养殖废水效果良好.在水力停留时间（HRT）为8 h,DO为2.0~3.0 mg·L^-1的条件下,反应器启动迅速、运行稳定,能使COD和氨氮去除率均达到80%以上,TP去除率达到50%左右;有机负荷为（0.76±0.03）kg·m^-3·d^-1时,TN及氨氮去除效果最好,去除率分别达到71.73%及98.42%.为达到良好的TN去除效果,有机负荷不宜低于0.5 kg·m^-3·d^-1;DO为（3.00±0.25）mg·L^-1时,TN去除效果最好,最有利于同步硝化反硝化;为保持较高的氨氮去除效率,并减少亚硝态氮积累,DO浓度不应低于2.0 mg·L^-1;HRT过短会使氨氮去除效率降低,且可能出现亚硝态氮积累;采用序批式进水运行方式,对TP的去除效果优于连续进水方式,但运行周期后半段会出现亚硝态氮积累,对鱼类产生危害.     

Simultaneous removal of selected oxidized contaminants in groundwater using a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A laboratory trial was conducted for evaluating the capability of a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor to simultaneously reduce nitrate (NO3--N), sulfate (SO42-), bromate (BrO3-), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and para- chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB). The reactor contained two bundles of hollow fiber membranes functioning as an autotrophic biofilm carrier and hydrogen pipe as well. On the condition that hydrogen was supplied as electron donor and diffused into water through membrane pores, autohydrogenotrophic bacteria were capable of reducing contaminants to forms with lower toxicity. Reduction occurred within 1 day and removal fluxes for NO3--N, SO4-2 , BrO3-, Cr(VI), and p-CNB reached 0.641, 2.396, 0.008, 0.016 and 0.031 g/(day·m-2 ), respectively after 112 days of continuous operation. Except for the fact that sulfate was 37% removed under high surface loading, the other four contaminants were reduced by over 95%. The removal flux comparison between phases varying in surface loading and H2 pressure showed that decreasing surface loading or increasing H2 pressure would promote removal flux. Competition for electrons occurred among the five contaminants. Electron-equivalent flux analysis showed that the amount of utilized hydrogen was mainly controlled by NO3 -N and SO4-2 reduction, which accounted for over 99% of the electron flux altogether. It also indicated the electron acceptor order, showing that nitrate was the most prior electron acceptor while sulfate was the second of the five contaminants.     

An innovative integrated system utilizing solar energy as power for the treatment of decentralized wastewater

This article reports an innovative integrated system utilizing solar energy as power for decentralized wastewater treatment, which consists of an oxidation ditch with double channels and a photovoltaic (PV) system without a storage battery. Because the system operates without a storage battery, which can reduce the cost of the PV system, the solar radiation intensity affects the amount of power output from the PV system. To ensure that the power output is sufficient in all different weather conditions, the solar radiation intensity of 78 W/m 2 with 95% confidence interval was defined as a threshold of power output for the PV system according to the monitoring results in this study, and a step power output mode was used to utilize the solar energy as well as possible. The oxidation ditch driven by the PV system without storage battery ran during the day and stopped at night. Therefore, anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic conditions could periodically appear in the oxidation ditch, which was favorable to nitrogen and phosphate removal from the wastewater. The experimental results showed that the system was efficient, achieving average removal efficiencies of 88% COD, 98% NH 4 + -N, 70% TN and 83% TP, under the loading rates of 140 mg COD/(g MLSS·day), 32 mg NH 4 + -N/(g MLSS·day), 44 mg TN/(g MLSS·day) and 5 mg TP/(g MLSS·day).     

基于微气泡曝气的生物膜反应器处理废水研究

微气泡曝气有助于强化氧传质过程,在废水好氧生物处理中具有潜在的应用优势;生物膜反应器是应用微气泡曝气的可行工艺形式.本研究在生物膜反应器中采用SPG膜微气泡曝气处理模拟生活废水,探讨反应器连续运行过程中,SPG膜空气通透性、溶解氧变化、污染物去除效果及氧利用情况.结果表明,基于SPG膜微气泡曝气的生物膜反应器能够实现长期连续稳定运行,是微气泡曝气与废水好氧生物处理结合的可行方式.SPG膜表面性质及膜孔径影响其空气通透性,疏水性膜的空气通透性优于亲水性膜;膜孔径越大,空气通透性越好.一定的SPG膜空气通量下,反应器内的溶解氧浓度主要受有机负荷影响.SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器较优的COD处理负荷(以SPG膜面积计算)为6.88 kg·(m2.d)-1.氨氮的去除主要受溶解氧浓度及生物膜内氧扩散传质的影响,在高有机负荷下生物膜内出现同步硝化反硝化.微气泡曝气的氧利用率显著高于传统曝气方式,在优化的运行条件下,氧利用率可以接近100%.     

反硝化除磷污泥的缺氧吸磷性能研究

为探讨反硝化除磷过程中污泥的缺氧吸磷性能,利用厌氧/缺氧强化驯化得到的反硝化除磷污泥,通过间歇性试验考察不同电子受体类型、不同污泥浓度(MLSS)对吸磷过程的影响。试验结果表明,缺氧条件下反硝化除磷菌(DPB)利用硝酸盐作为电子受体能够彻底吸磷,其吸磷速率约为好氧吸磷的59%;若以亚硝酸盐为电子受体,浓度较低时(10.6 mg/L)的吸磷速率与硝酸盐为电子受体时相当,但较高的亚硝酸盐浓度(22.6 mg/L)会抑制反硝化除磷过程;适当提高污泥浓度能加快缺氧吸磷速度,而过高的污泥浓度会降低污泥对氮、磷的比去除速率,故应将MLSS控制在合理的范围内。     

Anaerobic treatment of sulfate-rich wastewater in an anaerobic sequential batch reactor (AnSBR) using butanol as the carbon source

Biological sulfate reduction was studied in a laboratory-scale anaerobic sequential batch reactor (14 L) containing mineral coal for biomass attachment. The reactor was fed industrial wastewater with increasingly high sulfate concentrations to establish its application limits. Special attention was paid to the use of butanol in the sulfate reduction that originated from melamine resin production. This product was used as the main organic amendment to support the biological process. The reactor was operated for 65 cycles (48 h each) at sulfate loading rates ranging from 2.2 to 23.8 g SO(4)(2-)/cycle, which corresponds to sulfate concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g SO(4)(2-) L(-1). The sulfate removal efficiency reached 99% at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g SO(4)(2-) L(-1). At higher sulfate concentrations (2.0 and 3.0 g SO(4)(2-) L(-1)), the sulfate conversion remained in the range of 71-95%. The results demonstrate the potential applicability of butanol as the carbon source for the biological treatment of sulfate in an anaerobic batch reactor.